2010年4月18日 星期日

中阿含讀書會(6) 《中阿含56經,彌醯經》

P1080690

《獨修與親近善知識》

「無工巧活輕自己,樂勝諸根盡解脫;無家無所無悕望,斷欲獨行真苾芻。」

此頌所明,謂成就五支永斷五支,當知得名「真實苾芻」。何等為五?

謂不依止矯設方便邪活命法,亦不恃賴有勢之家,亦不修治名稱族望,亦不詐受諸佛所說聖弟子說。猶如依止工巧處所,非法悕求衣服飲食,是名初支。

又復減省器物眾具善棄珍財,衣僅蔽身、食纔充腹、知足歡喜,凡所遊行必持衣缽,是第二支。

又悕慕沙門、愛樂沙門,悕慕學處、愛樂學處,命難因緣尚不違越所學禁戒,何況少小利養因緣?是第三支。

又彼如是正修方便,淨命喜足,愛樂學處,於諸聖諦未現觀者能入現觀得清淨見;或時夫念暫爾發生惡不善,尋引起貪欲、瞋恚、愚癡、遲緩、忘念,速復除遣,是第四支。

又彼修習如先得道,於諸結縛一切隨眠隨煩惱纏,心得解脫,是第五支。

如是名為成就五支。云何復名永斷五支?

謂阿羅漢苾芻於五處所不復能犯。

所謂不能捨所學處而復退還,又復不能有所貯積執為己有而受用之,亦不受用諸欲境界,又復不能為財為命知而妄語,又復不能棄捨諸欲、行不與取,亦不復能永離貪欲獨住獨行,而更習近非梵行法、兩兩交會。或計自作而招苦樂,或計他作、或自他作、或非自作亦非他作,不由因生而招苦樂。如是名為五支永斷。

「心遠行獨行,無身寐於窟,能調伏難伏,我說婆羅門。」

今此頌中所言心者,亦名為意、亦名為識,此於過去一切愚夫無量差別,自體展轉。及因展轉雖無作者,而流生死前際叵知,故名遠行。此於現在一一而轉,第二伴心所遠離故,一切種心不頓轉故,名為獨行。又此現在隨其自體初起現前,或由貪性、或由瞋性、或由癡性、或由一一所餘煩惱隨煩惱性,即彼自體不畢竟轉如五色根,或同、或異、或劣、或勝,隨其自體初起現前,即此自體畢竟而轉。心不如是,何以故?心經彼彼日夜剎那臘縛等位,非一眾多種種品類,異生時生、異滅時滅,由心自性染污之體不成實故,名為無身。此未來世居四識住而有隨眠,可於後生有往來義,名寐於窟。若有總慧由此四相,能於過現未來世心,如實了知修厭離滅及心解脫,彼能超度諸薩迦耶,到於彼岸安住陸地,名婆羅門。(<<中觀,瑜伽部30>>p.385.3 ~ p.386.2)

引言

印順導師在〔初期大乘佛教之起源與開展〕546頁,談及聲聞藏與菩薩藏時,說:

[「聲聞」sravaka,是「多聞聖弟子」,從佛聽聞聲教而修證的,所以稱為聲聞,與「弟子」的意義相近,佛與聲聞是師與弟子的關係。佛在成佛以前,經長期的修行,稱為「菩薩」bodhisattva,菩薩是立志求菩提的眾生。在聲聞與菩薩間,有稱為「獨覺」的聖者。這三類行人,合稱為「三乘」,這是部派佛教所公認的。Pratyeka-buddha,音譯為辟支迦佛、辟支佛,譯義為「獨覺」(或譯作「各佛」),是各自獨悟的意思。或梵音小異,讀為Pratityaka-buddha,譯義為「緣覺」。]在同一段中,印順導師認為[獨覺]與[大迦葉]、[頭陀行]有很密切的關係。

印順導師此段敘述,我有不同的看法。

在一般佛教論述中,[緣覺]是指在無佛時代,無師自通、觀十二因緣而悟道者,有時稱獨覺或辟支佛。或許在佛教史上即使不提〔緣覺〕,也不會有什麼遺漏(除了本生故事,沒有聲聞弟子或菩薩被稱為緣覺)﹔在教法上也沒有一種法被指證為緣覺法(事實上,見緣起法即為見道)。參閱〔經集〕犀牛角經(〔大毗婆沙論〕:習近親愛與怨憎,便生貪欲及瞋恚;故諸智者俱遠避,獨處經行如麟角。),緣覺很可能是釋尊早期鼓勵〔獨學無侶〕的一種修法(泰國如今仍然有獨處於森林巖洞的頭陀行者),此一修行方法被修改而淡化了。緣覺法和頭陀法的最大差別是,頭陀法仍然是可依師、結界的。在解釋〔經集、義品〕的巴利文〔小部、義釋〕中,留下了獨自經行、獨自修行的紀錄。其實,如果了解〔最早的獨覺者〕是世尊,對早期的宏揚〔獨覺法〕就不會少見多怪了。

義品(經集、第四品八頌品,第二章、洞窟八頌經)772頌:著窟多者蔽,斯有且住人﹔沉潛令愚中,時應遠遠離﹔諸欲在世間,捨斷為不易。〔義釋Niddesa〕解釋〔時應遠遠離〕為:遠離指身遠離、心遠離、依遠離。

(1) 身遠離:此處有比丘,遠離坐臥所,住於阿蘭若、樹下、山岳、溪谷、山窟、塚墓、森林、露地、積藁,是身住遠離。彼獨行、獨住、獨坐、獨臥、獨入村行乞、由行乞獨歸、獨坐禪、獨經行而生活是身遠離。

(2) 心遠離:入初禪定者心遠離五蓋,入二禪定者心遠離尋伺,入三禪定者心遠離喜,入四禪定者心遠離苦樂,入空無邊處定者心遠離色想、有對想、種種想。入識無邊處定者心遠離空無邊處想,入無所有處定者心遠離識無邊處想,入非想非非想處定者心遠離無所有處定想。須陀洹之心遠離身見、疑、戒禁取、疑隨眠。斯陀含之心遠離粗〔欲貪結、瞋恚結〕、粗〔欲貪隨眠、瞋恚隨眠〕。阿那含之心遠離細微〔欲貪結、瞋恚結〕、細微〔欲貪隨眠、瞋恚疑隨眠〕。阿羅漢之心遠離色貪、無色貪、慢、掉舉、無明、慢隨眠。

(3) 依遠離:涅槃是依遠離﹔依煩惱、蘊、行不是依遠離。一切行之寂止、一切依之捨遣、愛貪之滅盡﹔此為依遠離。

另外,〔佛本行集經第55優波離因緣品〕敘述:[時王敕給白象一頭,任所乘馳東西南北,又給金筒安置剃刀及餘雜事,而敕之言:『凡無佛世,有辟支佛猶如犀牛,獨行出時當作利益。』〕

從上述〔義釋〕的〔身遠離〕可見到〔獨行、獨歸、獨乞食〕的教導,從〔佛本行集經〕可看見〔辟支佛如犀牛獨行〕的說法,與[經集]的〔犀牛角經〕呼應。

〔雜阿含經〕與[中阿含]中的〔獨住〕

雜阿含1071註一提及[獨覺],我們可以比對相當的[別譯雜阿含註二]和[相應部S21.10註三]:雜阿含1071經,世尊提及並非『一住(獨行乞食,食已獨還,獨坐禪思)』不善,但是有更殊勝的獨住,『捨棄一切,盡諸愛結﹔如此勝法,名為獨住』。

雜阿含309註四和[相應部S35.63註五 Migajala鹿網〕,也提及世尊認為真正的獨住,不在於離群索居或深入人寰居住應酬,而是在完全捨斷貪欲愛染。

中阿含56註六和[增支部A9.3 Meghiya彌醯〕,也提及世尊認為未行此五法之前,不宜獨住獨修。

1. 親近善知識,與善知識同修同學。

2. 遵守波羅提木叉,符合舉止威儀,對微細罪以戒慎恐懼的心情遵守。

3. 熟悉佛法各種法義、論理,並且深入理解、接納。

4. 堅定精進,主動學習各種方法,以斷除自己的惡行,而增長善行。

5. 善觀生滅無常,成就趣向滅苦的智慧。

在〔彌醯經〕訶責遠離師長與善知識而獨修,與早期的讚嘆〔獨住註七〕,其中存有比丘僧團隨著世間演變的議題。也造成[經集]的[蛇品,犀牛角經]的遭受擱置,而在各經中逐漸不鼓勵獨行獨住的修行方法,因為不管比丘已證或未證,[獨住]的行持,是不利於佛法的宏揚的。

雜阿含235經也提到『無師、無近住弟子,則樂獨住』,也同1071經一樣,不再鼓勵離群索居的獨住註八。

註一

(雜阿含1071)如是我聞,一時佛住舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。時有比丘名曰上坐(),獨住一處,亦常讚歎獨一住者﹔獨行乞食,食已獨還,獨坐禪思。時有眾多比丘詣佛所,稽首佛足,退坐一面。白佛言:〔世尊,有尊者名曰上坐,樂一獨處,亦常讚歎獨一住者﹔獨入聚落乞食,獨出聚落,還至住處,獨坐禪思。〕爾時世尊語一比丘:〔汝往詣彼上坐比丘所,語上坐比丘言,大師告汝。〕比丘受教,詣上坐比丘所,白言:〔尊者,大師告汝。〕時上坐比丘即時奉命詣世尊所,稽首禮足,退住一面。爾時世尊告上坐比丘:〔汝實獨一靜處,讚歎獨處者,獨行乞食,獨出聚落,獨坐禪思耶?〕上坐比丘白佛:〔實爾,世尊。〕佛告上坐比丘:〔汝云何獨一處,讚歎獨住者,獨行乞食,獨還住處,獨坐禪思?〕上坐比丘白佛:〔我唯獨一靜處,讚歎獨住者,獨行乞食,獨出聚落,獨坐禪思。〕佛告上坐比丘:〔汝是一住者。我不言非一住,然更有勝妙一住。何等為勝妙一住?謂比丘前者枯乾,後者滅盡,中無貪喜﹔是婆羅門心不猶豫,已捨憂悔,離諸有愛,群聚使斷,是名一住。無有勝住過於此者。〕爾時世尊即說偈言:〔悉映於一切,悉知諸世間﹔不著一切法,悉離一切愛﹔如是樂住者,我說為一住。〕佛說此經已,尊者上坐聞佛所說,歡喜隨喜,作禮而去。(<<阿含部2>>p.278.1 )

註二

(別譯雜阿含經10)如是我聞,一時佛在舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。時有一比丘名曰長老,獨止一房,讚嘆獨住。時諸比丘往詣佛所,頂禮佛足,在一面坐,白佛言:〔世尊,此長老比丘讚嘆獨住獨行獨坐。〕佛告比丘:〔汝可喚彼長老比丘。〕時一比丘往至其所,語長老言:〔世尊喚汝。〕長老比丘受教敕已,來詣佛所,頂禮佛足,在一面立。佛告長老:〔汝實獨住,讚嘆獨坐行法耶?〕長老白佛言:〔實爾世尊。〕佛復告言:〔汝今云何樂於獨住讚嘆獨住?〕長老白佛言:〔世尊,我實獨入聚落,獨出獨坐。〕佛復告言:〔更有獨住,勝汝獨住,何等是耶?欲本乾竭,來欲不起,現欲不生,是名婆羅門,無我我所,斷於疑結,遠離諸入,滅於煩惱。〕爾時世尊即說偈言:〔一切世間,我悉知之﹔捨棄一切,盡諸愛結﹔如此勝法,名為獨住。〕佛說是已,諸比丘聞佛所說,歡喜奉行。

註三

Bhikkhu Bodhi(S.21.10 A bhikkhu named Elder名叫上座的比丘)的英譯:

On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Rajagaha in the Bamboo Grove, the Squirrel Santuary.

(如是我聞,)一時佛住王舍城竹園松鼠精舍。

Now on that occasion a certain bhikkhu named Elder was a lone dweller and spoke in praise of dwelling alone. He entered the village for alms alone, he returned alone, he sat alone in private, he undertook walking meditation alone.

彼時,有一比丘名曰『上座』,獨住一處,讚歎獨住者﹔獨自進入村落乞食,獨還,獨坐禪思,獨自經行。

Then a number of bhikkhus approached the Blessed One, paid homage to him, sat down to one side, and said to him: “Here, venerable sir, there is a certain bhikkhu named Elder who is a lone dweller and who speaks in praise of dwelling alone. He entered the village for alms alone, he returned alone, he sat alone in private, he undertook walking meditation alone.”

時有眾多比丘詣佛所,稽首佛足,退坐一面。白佛言:〔世尊,此處有尊者名叫『上座』,獨住一處,讚歎獨住者﹔獨自進入村落乞食,獨還,獨坐禪思,獨自經行。〕

Then the Blessed One addressed a certain bhikkhu thus:” Come, bhikkhu, tell the bhikkhu Elder in my name that the Teacher calls him.”

爾時世尊語一比丘:〔來,比丘,(你往)以我之名呼上座比丘言,大師叫你。〕

“Yes, venerable sir,” that bhikkhu replied, and he went to the Venerable Elder and told him:” The Teacher calls you, friend Elder.”

〔是的,世尊。〕此比丘回答,他往到上座比丘所,告訴上座比丘說:〔朋友,上座,大師叫你。〕

“Yes, friend.” the Venerable Elder replied, and he approached the Blessed One, paid homage to him, and sat down to one side. The Blessed One then said to him: “Is it true? Elder, that you are a lone dweller and speak in praise of dwelling alone?”

〔是的,朋友。〕尊者上座回答。時上座比丘即到世尊所,稽首禮足,退住一面。爾時世尊問上座比丘:〔你確實獨住一處而且讚歎獨住者?〕

“Yes, venerable sir.”“But how, Elder, are you a lone dweller and how do you speak in praise of dwelling alone?”

上座比丘回答世尊:〔是的,世尊。〕世尊問:〔你如何獨住一處?如何讚歎獨住者?〕

“Here, venerable sir, I enter the village for alms alone, I return alone, I sit alone in private, and I undertake walking meditation alone. It is in such a way that I am a lone dweller and speak in praise of dwelling alone.”

上座比丘回答:〔世尊,我獨自進入村落乞食,獨還,獨坐禪思,獨自經行。我如是獨住一處,讚歎獨住。〕

“That is a way of dwelling alone, Elder, I do not deny this. But as to how dwelling alone is fulfilled in detail, listen to that and attend closely, I will speak.”

佛說:〔那是獨住的一種。上座比丘,我不否認(這是獨住的一種方式)。但是關於殊勝獨住的細節,諦聽,善思,我將述說。〕

“Yes, venerable sir.”

“And how, Elder, is dwelling alone fulfilled in detail? Here, Elder, what lies in the past has been abandoned, what lies in the future has been relinquished, and desire and lust for present forms of individual existence has been thoroughly removed. It is in such a way, Elder, that dwelling alone is fulfilled in detail.”

〔上座,如何為殊勝獨住的細節?此處,上座,已經捨斷對過去的一切,已經棄絕對未來的期望,已經離棄對現在諸有的欲貪與渴愛。如此,上座,為殊勝獨住的細節。〕

This is what the Blessed One said. Having said this, the Fortunate One, the Teacher, further said this:

這是世尊所說(的教法)。世尊,大師又說(偈言)

“The wise one, all-conqueror, all-knower,

Among all things unsullied, with all cast off,

Liberated in the destruction of craving;

I called that person ‘one who dwells alone’.”

〔智者,一切的征服者,全知者,在一切法中不受污染,離棄一切法, 摧毀欲貪而解脫,我稱這種人為『獨住者』。〕

註四 (雜阿含309經,S35.63 Migajalena鹿網)如是我聞,一時佛住瞻婆國揭伽池側。爾時尊者鹿紐來詣佛所,稽首禮足,退坐一面。白佛言:〔世尊。如世尊說,有第二住、有一一住。彼云何第二住?云何一一住?〕佛告鹿紐:〔善哉,善哉。鹿紐,能問如來如是之義。〕佛告鹿紐:〔若眼識色可愛、樂、念、可意,長養於欲。彼比丘見已,喜樂、讚歎、繫著住。愛樂、讚歎、繫著住已,心轉歡喜。歡喜已深樂,深樂已貪愛,貪愛已阨礙。歡喜、深樂、貪愛、阨礙者,是名第二住。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦如是說。鹿紐,有如是像類比丘,正使空閑獨處,猶名第二住。所以者何?愛喜不斷不滅故,愛欲不斷、不知者,諸佛如來說第二住。若有比丘,於可愛、樂、念、可意,長養於欲色。彼比丘見已不喜樂、不讚歎、不繫著住,不喜樂、不讚歎、不繫著住已,不歡喜﹔不歡喜故不深樂﹔不深樂故不貪愛﹔不貪愛故不阨礙。不歡喜、深樂、貪愛、阨礙者,是名為一一住。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦如是說。鹿紐,如是像類比丘,正使處於高樓重閣,猶是一一住者。所以者何?貪愛已盡、已知故﹔貪愛已盡、已知者,諸佛如來說名一一住。〕爾時,尊者鹿紐聞佛所說,歡喜隨喜,作禮而去。

註五Bhikkhu Bodhi〔S35.63 Migajalena鹿網〕

At Savatthi, then the Venerable Migajala approached the Blessed One, paid homage to him, sat down to one side, and said to him: “Venerable Sir, it is said ‘a lone dweller, a lone dweller.’ In what way, venerable sir, is one a lone dweller, and in what way is one dwelling with a partner?

在舍衛城,爾時尊者鹿網往詣世尊,稽首敬禮,坐於一面,問:〔世尊,如世尊說『獨住者,獨住者』。世尊,如何是獨住者,如何是與伴侶同住者?

“There are, Migajala, forms cognizable by the eye that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensually enticing, tantalizing. If a bhikkhu seeks delight in them, welcomes them, and remains holding to them, delight arises. When there is delight, there is infatuation. When there is infatuation, there is bondage. Bound by the fetter of delight, Migajala, a bhikkhu is called one dwelling with a partner.

鹿網,眼可見之色,可意的、可愛的、愉悅的、歡樂的、感官誘惑的、誘人的色。如果比丘於此追求喜樂、讚美此、持續戀著於此,則生起喜樂﹔喜樂生起則愛染生起﹔愛染生起則繫縛生起。鹿網,當比丘被喜樂的鐐銬所繫縛,則稱為與伴侶同住。

“There are, Migajala, sounds cognizable by the ear…..odours cognizable by the nose……tastes cognizable by the tongue……tactile objects cognizable by the body……mental phenomena recognizable by the mind that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensually enticing, tantalizing. If a bhikkhu seeks delight in them, welcomes them, and remains holding to them, delight arises. When there is delight, there is infatuation. When there is infatuation, there is bondage. Bound by the fetter of delight, Migajala, a bhikkhu is called one dwelling with a partner.

鹿網,耳可聽之聲,……鼻可嗅之香,……舌可嚐之味,……身可覺之觸,……意可想之法,可意的、可愛的、愉悅的、歡樂的、感官誘惑的、誘人的法。如果比丘於此追求喜樂、讚美此、持續戀著於此,則生起喜樂﹔喜樂生起則愛染生起﹔愛染生起則繫縛生起。鹿網,當比丘被喜樂的鐐銬所繫縛,則稱為與伴侶同住。

“Migajala, even though a bhikkhu who dwells thus resorts to forests and groves, to remote lodgings where there are few sounds and little noise, desolate, hidden from people, appropriate for seclusion, he is still called one dwelling with a partner. For what reason? Because craving is his partner, and he has not abandoned it; therefore he is called one dwelling with a partner.

鹿網,即使比丘住於森林或樹林中之住處,遙遠的小屋,彼處無任何聲響或噪音,遠離人煙,隱身於人寰之外,適合隱居的僻遠之地,此比丘仍然被稱為與伴侶同住。為什麼?因為渴愛是他的伴侶,他從未捨棄這個伴侶,所以他被稱為與伴侶同住。

“There are, Migajala, forms cognizable by the eye that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensually enticing, tantalizing. If a bhikkhu does not seek delight in them, does not welcome them, and does not remain holding to them, delight ceases. When there is no delight, there is no infatuation. When there is no infatuation, there is no bondage. Released from the fetter of delight, Migajala, a bhikkhu is called a lone dweller.

鹿網,眼可見之色,可意的、可愛的、愉悅的、歡樂的、感官誘惑的、誘人的色。如果比丘不於此追求喜樂、不讚美此、不持續戀著於此,則喜樂止息﹔喜樂止息則沒有愛染﹔沒有愛染則沒有繫縛。鹿網,當比丘解脫喜樂的鐐銬,則被稱為獨住者。

“There are, Migajala, sounds cognizable by the ear…..odours cognizable by the nose……tastes cognizable by the tongue……tactile objects cognizable by the body……mental phenomena recognizable by the mind that are desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasing, sensually enticing, tantalizing. If a bhikkhu does not seek delight in them, does not welcome them, and does not remain holding to them, delight ceases. When there is no delight, there is no infatuation. When there is no infatuation, there is no bondage. Released from the fetter of delight, Migajala, a bhikkhu is called a lone dweller.

鹿網,耳可聽之聲,……鼻可嗅之香,……舌可嚐之味,……身可覺之觸,……意可想之法,可意的、可愛的、愉悅的、歡樂的、感官誘惑的、誘人的法。如果比丘不於此追求喜樂、不讚美此、不持續戀著於此,則喜樂止息﹔喜樂止息則沒有愛染﹔沒有愛染則沒有繫縛。鹿網,當比丘解脫喜樂的鐐銬,則被稱為獨住者。

“Migajala, even though a bhikkhu who dwells thus lives in the vicinity of a village, associating with bhikkhus and bhikkhunis, with male and female lay followers, with kings and royal ministers, with sectarian teachers and their disciples, he is still called a lone dweller. For what reason? Because craving is his partner, and he has abandoned it; therefore he is called a lone dweller.

鹿網,即使比丘住於村落附近,隨伴著眾比丘與眾比丘尼,眾優婆塞與優婆夷,眾多國王與其大臣們,眾多各宗派的老師與弟子們,此比丘仍然被稱為獨住者。為什麼?因為渴愛是他的伴侶,他已經完全捨斷這個伴侶,所以他被稱為獨住者。

註六

彌醯的獨修挫折 莊春江

有一次,尊者彌迦奢羅問佛陀:「怎樣才是獨住?怎樣又是有同伴同住?」佛陀回答說:「彌迦奢羅!當眼等六根,認識了色等六境時,如果因合意、可愛、愉悅而誘發了欲愛,以致對境界喜悅、讚美而念戀不忘,這就是生起愛染心了。一旦有了愛染心,就有了障礙繫縛。像這樣,被喜悅、愛染繫縛的比丘,即使獨自在樹林等僻靜處居住,也還是有伴同住,為什麼呢?渴愛就是他的同伴。反之,如果對合意、可愛、愉悅的境界,不喜悅、不讚美、不戀著,沒有愛染而心不被繫縛,這樣的比丘,即使與其他比丘同住,住在一般人的村子裡,也叫作獨住,為什麼呢?因為他沒有渴愛這樣的同伴。」

※ ※ ※

有一次,佛陀遊化到摩揭陀國境內的闍鬥村,與侍者彌醯尊者,住在村落外的菴婆林內。這天一早,尊者彌醯進入闍鬥村乞食。回程時,路過金鞞河邊,看到一片環境幽雅的菴婆林,心想:這片林地地勢平坦幽靜,又有清澈的河水流過,對一位精進的修行人來說,實在是一個理想的好地方,我應當來這裡修行,好好精進一番。尊者彌醯吃飽後,就收拾了隨身器物,將坐墊披在肩上,來向佛陀請求,希望允許他前往。然而,當時佛陀身旁,只有尊者彌醯同住,其他比丘都還沒到來,所以,佛陀要求尊者彌醯暫緩幾天走,等其他比丘到達後才離開,以免佛陀孤獨一人,身旁沒有侍者。可是,尊者彌醯急著要去那個他認為修行的好地方,所以就對佛陀說:「世尊!您已經是個解脫者了,應修應證的,都已修已證,再也沒有什麼作為,可以對您有所增益了。而我呢,當修當證的還很多,如果能到一個好地方,讓我好好精進地修行,一定會很有進步。請世尊允許我離開,到那一片菴婆林去精進吧!」

佛陀還是希望彌醯暫緩離開。可是,堅決的彌醯尊者,仍然作了第三次請求。這時,佛陀只好說:「彌醯!你一再地說要精進修行,我還能說什麼呢?就隨你的意願去吧!」辭別了佛陀,尊者彌醯來到了那片幽靜的菴婆林地,選在一棵樹下禪修。禪修中,尊者彌醯還是禁不住生起欲念、恚念、害念等三惡不善念。此時,尊者彌醯心想:怎麼會這樣呢?我這麼有信心地出家精進修學,還是斷除不了這三惡不善念的染著。於是,想念起佛陀來了,所以就又回去見佛陀。尊者彌醯見到佛陀後,將他在獨修中,生起三惡不善念的情形,誠實地向佛陀報告。顯然,從進入解脫修習的層面來看,尊者彌醯還不夠成熟,沒有能力獨修,所以,佛陀說了:「彌醯!有五法,可以讓尚未做好修行解脫準備的人,趨於成熟:

一、親近善知識,與善知識同修同學。

二、遵守波羅提木叉,符合舉止威儀,對微細罪以戒慎恐懼的心情遵守。

三、熟悉佛法各種法義、論理,並且深入理解、接納。

四、堅定精進,主動學習各種方法,以斷除自己的惡行,而增長善行。

五、善觀生滅無常,成就趣向滅苦的智慧。

彌醯!有這五法的修學後,還要繼續修習四法:

一、修習不淨觀,以斷除貪欲。

二、修習慈悲觀,以斷除瞋恚。

三、修習入出息念,以斷除散亂心。

四、修習無常想,以斷我慢。

彌醯!如果能夠親近善知識,有善知識的共同修學,那一定能夠勤修禁戒,遵守波羅提木叉,符合舉止威儀,對微細罪以戒慎恐懼的心情遵守;熟悉佛法各種法義、論理,深入理解、接納;堅定精進,主動學習各種方法,以斷除惡行,增長善行;善觀生滅無常,成就趣向滅苦的智慧;勤修不淨觀斷除貪欲;勤修慈悲觀斷除瞋恚;勤修入出息念斷除散亂心;勤修無常想斷我慢。

彌醯!如果比丘修得無常想,必定可以由此而建立無我想,若比丘得無我想,就能夠由此而斷除我慢,成就涅槃解脫了。」

按語:

1. 本則故事前段取材自《相應部S.35.63》、《雜阿含309經》,後段取材自《中阿含56經》、《增支部第九集第3經》。

2. 從故事的前段來看,佛陀是鼓勵獨修、獨住的,但不從外在形式來論,只看內心是否有愛染(瞋恚是愛染的另一種形式)。而從故事的後段來看,親近善知識,是修學佛法的一個重要基礎了,因為故事中佛陀所說的八種方法,都可以從此建立。我們修學佛法,如果在離解脫成就尚遠時(亦即還不夠成熟),就獨學而無善友,一旦遇上了嚴重的挫折,往往會因為得不到有效的協助與支持而退墮,也可能在缺乏善友的規勸與導正下,不自覺地誤入歧途,遠離佛法,這都是很可惜的事。

3. 怎樣才能與善知識同修同學呢?佛陀建立的僧團,就提供了一個很好的模樣。在家人也可以一分效法僧團的模式,組成具有「六和敬」精神的學團,在學團中同修同學,彼此砥礪。在自己親近善知識的同時,努力修學向上,使自己也能成為別人心目中的善知識,這樣,學團中的成員,相互提攜,輾轉增上,假以時日,大家必能有一定程度的成長。

4. 善知識,《增支部》譯為「善友」。廣泛來說,可以使自己獲益增上的良師、益友,都可以稱作善知識。如明確地說,像本則故事指出的,能導正自己的行為(不犯戒)、增長自己對佛法的理解與修學、減少自己我執我慢的染著,都是善知識了。

5. 波羅提木叉,原意可以理解為「善法的初基」、「善法的依止處」,後來專指佛陀為出家眾制訂的戒條。又因為這些戒條,有引導趣向解脫的功能,所以也有「別解脫」、「從解脫」的含意(參考印順法師著《原始佛教聖典之集成》第112頁),《中阿含56經》就譯為「從解脫」。

6. 故事末後,說「修無常斷我慢」那段,《雜阿含270經》譯為:「無常想者,能建立無我想。聖弟子住無我想,心離我慢,順得涅槃。」可以比對來讀。這是南、北《阿含》共傳的經義,可見從「無常想→無我想→離我慢→得涅槃」,是當時修學次第的普遍觀點。可以說,當時觀慧修學的主流下手處,是觀無常。後來大乘佛法盛行,強調慈悲心,強調利他,要求從利他中完成自利,觀無常的教說,相對地少了,似乎大乘與聲聞,有很不一樣的教說。可是,當我們深入去探究,怎樣才能做到「從利他中完成自利」時,我們會發覺,大乘佛法以利他為先的要求,正是以利他來消除自私、自利的自我感,這不就是一種「無我」的實踐嗎?所以,「從利他中完成自利」,還是同樣要進入到「無我想」的修學來的。這樣看來,建立無我想的方法,是可以多元的。

註七

法句譬喻經,教學品第二﹔T4.577.c昔佛在羅閱祇國靈鷲山中,為諸天人國王大臣說甘露法。有一比丘剛猛勇健,佛知其意遣至山後鬼神谷中,令樹下坐數息求定,知息長短,安般守意,斷求滅苦,可得泥洹。比丘受教往至谷中,欲坐定意,但聞山中鬼神語聲,不見其形,但有音聲悚息,怖懼不能自寧,意欲悔還,即自念言:〔居家大富宗族,又強出家學道,獨見安處鬼神,深山既無伴侶又無行人,但有諸鬼數來怖人。〕思惟如是,未去之間。於是世尊往到其邊,坐一樹下而問之曰:〔汝獨在此將無怖懼耶?〕比丘稽首白言:〔初未曾入山,在此實憂。〕須臾之間有一野象王來在邊,倚一樹臥,心獨歡喜,遠離諸象,一何快哉。佛知象意,告比丘曰:〔汝寧知是象所由來不?〕對曰:〔不審。〕佛告比丘:〔此象眷屬大小五百餘頭,厭患小象,捨來至此倚樹而臥。自念得離恩愛牢獄,一何快哉。象是畜生猶思閑靜,況汝捨家欲求度世,方以獨自欲求伴侶,愚冥伴侶多所傷敗,獨住無對亦無謀議,寧獨修道不用愚伴。〕於是世尊即說偈言:〔學無朋類,不得善友﹔寧獨守善,不與愚偕。

樂戒學行,奚用伴為﹔獨善無憂,如空野象。〕

佛說是時比丘意解,內思聖教即得應真。谷中鬼神亦皆聞解為佛弟子,受誓誡敕不復侵民,佛與比丘共還精舍。

註八

(雜阿含235) 如是我聞,一時佛住舍衛國祇樹給孤獨園。爾時世尊告諸比丘:〔有師、有近住弟子,則苦獨住。無師、無近住弟子,則樂獨住。云何有師、有近住弟子則苦獨住?緣眼、色,生惡不善覺,貪、恚、癡俱﹔若彼比丘行此法者,是名有師﹔若於此邊住者,是名近住弟子。耳、鼻、舌、身、意亦復如是。如是有師、有近住弟子,常苦獨住。

云何無師、無近住弟子常樂獨住?緣眼、色,生惡不善覺,貪、恚、癡俱﹔彼比丘不行(此法),是名無師﹔不依彼住,是名無近住弟子﹔是名無師、無近住弟子,常樂獨住。若彼比丘無師、無近住弟子者,我說彼得梵行福。所以者何?無師、無近住弟子,比丘於我建立梵行,能正盡苦,究竟苦集。〕佛說此經已,諸比丘聞佛所說,歡喜奉行。(<<阿含部T2>>p.57.1 ~ p.57.2)

Bhikkhu Bodhi〔Antevasi近住(弟子)SN 35.150〕

Bhikkhus, this holy life is lived without students and without a teacher. A bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort. A bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwells happily, in comfort.

(世尊宣示:)〔梵行是不與老師和弟子共住。與師和弟子共住之比丘,是苦住而非樂住。不與老師和弟子共住之比丘,則是樂住。

Anantevasikam idam bhikkhave brahmacariyam vusatti anacariyakam.

Antevasi 是[弟子(近住)],acariya 是[老師],samudacarati 是[煩惱],在雙關語來說,[沒有煩惱]在語音上就成為[沒有老師]﹔[不與染污共住]在語音上就成為[沒有近住(弟子)]

Anantevasikam 是[不近住,不與(染污)共住]

Idam 這個,文法上是[單數代名詞,直接受格]

Bhikkhave 比丘

Brahmacariyam 梵行

Vusatti 住,字根 vas,vusita 過去分詞

此句是[住於梵行為不與染污(弟子)共住,不與煩惱(老師)共住。]

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwell in suffering, not in comfort? Here, bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu has seen a form with the eye, there arise in him evil unwholesome states, memories and intensions connected with the fetters. They dwell within him. Since those evil unwholesome states dwell within him, he is called one who has students. They assail him. Since those evil unwholesome states assail him, he is called one who has a teacher.

諸比丘,如何是『比丘與弟子(染污)共住、與老師(煩惱)共住,是苦住而非樂住』?諸比丘,此處有比丘,眼見色後,(於色)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法住於彼之內,故云『與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法令他煩惱,故云『與老師(煩惱)共住』。

Further, when a bhikkhu has heard a sound with the ear, ……cognized a mental phenomena with the mind……he is called one who has a teacher.

復次,諸比丘,耳聞聲後,鼻嗅香後,舌嚐味後,身感觸後,意識法後,(於彼)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法住於彼之內,故云『與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法令他煩惱,故云『與老師(煩惱)共住』。

It is in this way that a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort.

如此,是為『比丘與弟子(染污)共住、與老師(煩惱)共住,是苦住而非樂住』。

And how, bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwell happily, in comfort? Here, bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu has seen a form with the eye, there do not arise in him evil unwholesome states, memories and intensions connected with the fetters. They do not dwell within him. Since those evil unwholesome states dwell within him, he is called one who has no students. They do not assail him. Since those evil unwholesome states do not assail him, he is called one who has no teacher.

諸比丘,如何是『比丘不與弟子(染污)共住、不與老師(煩惱)共住,是為樂住』?諸比丘,此處有比丘,眼見色後,不(於色)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法不住於彼之內,故云『不與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法不令他煩惱,故云『不與老師(煩惱)共住』。

Further, when a bhikkhu has heard a sound with the ear, ……cognized a mental phenomena with the mind……he is called one who has a teacher.

復次,諸比丘,耳聞聲後,鼻嗅香後,舌嚐味後,身感觸後,意識法後,不(於彼)憶念、意欲結縛而生起惡不善法。此等之惡不善法不住於彼之內,故云『不與弟子(染污)共住』﹔此等之惡不善法不令他煩惱,故云『不與老師(煩惱)共住』。

It is in this way that a bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort.

如此,是為『比丘不與弟子(染污)共住、不與老師(煩惱)共住,是為樂住』。

Bhikkhus, this holy life is lived without students and without a teacher. A bhikkhu who has students and a teacher dwells in suffering, not in comfort. A bhikkhu who has no students and no teacher dwells happily, in comfort.

梵行是不與老師和弟子共住。與師和弟子共住之比丘,是苦住而非樂住。不與老師和弟子共住之比丘,則是樂住。

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